The shape of the talus and calcaneus and the architecture within the calcaneus, especially the arrangement of the trabeculae, are essential factors for calcaneal fractures. The fracture maps showed fracture patterns and recurrent fracture zones on all calcaneal surfaces. All fracture locations coincided with the interfaces between the trabecular groups. On the posterior surface, the fracture lines appeared to be centered superiorly. Vertical fracture lines dominated the anterior calcaneal fracture map. Three dense bands of fractures were observed on the medial surface, and four fracture bands were observed lateral to the calcaneus. There were four concentrated bands of fracture lines and two fracture hot spots on the superior surface. The stacked images of six calcaneus surfaces were also converted into spectrograms with MATLAB to highlight the fracture frequency at specific locations. Fracture lines were copied from a reduced 3D calcaneal fracture model and stacked on calcaneal templates to generate fracture maps. This goal was achieved by fracture maps created by copying and stacking fracture lines as viewed from six surfaces of the calcaneus.Ī total of 210 consecutive patients with 226 calcaneal fractures were retrospectively analyzed. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the distribution of calcaneal fracture lines and their determinants, especially those related to the internal structure of the calcaneus. Diagnosis can be made with plain radiographs and CT studies are helpful for fracture characterization and surgical planning. Gold standard imaging test for any calcaneal fracture (except for stress fractures) Will almost always be obtained for pre-operative planning but does not necessarily need to be obtained in the ED. Scapula Fractures are uncommon fractures to the shoulder girdle caused by high energy trauma and associated with pulmonary injury, head injury, and increased injury severity scores. Therefore, in-depth research into the underlying mechanism of calcaneal fracture is still of great interest, with the goal of improving treatment for patients suffering from this condition. Obtain when clinical suspicion of a fracture is high despite negative x-rays. Typically, type I and type II fractures can be managed with plaster cast immobilisation with surgery intended for symptomatic patients only conversely, type III fractures are managed with open reduction - internal fixation (ORIF) as they have a higher rate of malunion/ non-union 4.Calcaneal fractures are associated with numerous complications and a poor prognosis with significant long-term quality-of-life issues, regardless of treatment. There are no specific guidelines for the management of these injuries due to the rarity of its presentation. Type III: displaced fractures with calcaneocuboid joint involvement Type II: displaced fractures but still no calcaneocuboid joint involvement Type I: non-displaced avulsion fractures with no calcaneocuboid joint involvement Type V fractures are comminuted fractures with a centrally depressed fragment.
Types IV and V(60) involve the subtalar joint. 4, this injury can be classified into three types: Type I (20) the fracture line may be through the tuberosity, the sustentaculum tali, or the anterior process of the calcaneus. Infrequently, impaction by eversion and dorsiflexion of the midfoot (known as the nutcracker mechanism) is observedĪccording to Degan et al.
The commonly recognised mechanism is an injury by flexion, inversion, and distraction of the bifurcate ligament leading to an avulsion fracture of variable size from the anterior calcaneal process Two mechanisms for anterior calcaneal process fractures have been described 3: Symptoms include nonspecific lateral ankle pain. Plain radiography remains the primary imaging modality for assessing calcaneal trauma because the fractures of the anterior process of the calcaneus occur in precise locations with characteristic radiographic features 3. They are generally not isolated but occur in association with the following: Anterior process fractures are a relatively rare occurrence, accounting for only 3% of calcaneal fractures 2.
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